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Compare Arctic Ocean (2006) - Reunion (2001)

Compare Arctic Ocean (2006) z Reunion (2001)

 Arctic Ocean (2006)Reunion (2001)
 Arctic OceanReunion
Administrative divisions - none (overseas department of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 4 arrondissements, 24 communes, and 47 cantons
Age structure - 0-14 years:
32.07% (male 120,259; female 114,669)

15-64 years:
62.25% (male 224,347; female 231,698)

65 years and over:
5.68% (male 16,892; female 24,705) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco, tropical fruits, vegetables, corn
Airports - 2 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways - total:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Area total: 14.056 million sq km


note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies		 total:
2,512 sq km

land:
2,502 sq km

water:
10 sq km
Area - comparative slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Background The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean. The Portuguese discovered the uninhabited island in 1513. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Malabar Indians gave the island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cost the island its importance as a stopover on the East Indies trade route.
Birth rate - 21.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget - revenues:
NA

expenditures:
NA
Capital - Saint-Denis
Climate polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
Coastline 45,389 km 207 km
Constitution - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Country name - conventional long form:
Department of Reunion

conventional short form:
Reunion

local long form:
none

local short form:
Ile de la Reunion

former:
Bourbon Island
Currency - French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Death rate - 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external - $NA
Dependency status - overseas department of France
Diplomatic representation from the US - none (overseas department of France)
Diplomatic representation in the US - none (overseas department of France)
Disputes - international some maritime disputes (see littoral states) none
Economic aid - recipient - $NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France
Economy - overview Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals. The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to more than 40% of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, often approaching European standards, whereas minority groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France.
Electricity - consumption - 1.023 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production - 1.1 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
54.55%

hydro:
45.45%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m


highest point: sea level 0 m		 lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Piton des Neiges 3,069 m
Environment - current issues endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack NA
Ethnic groups - French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian
Exchange rates - euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Executive branch - chief of state:
President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Robert POMMIES (since NA 1996)

head of government:
President of the General Council Jean-Luc POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)

cabinet:
NA

elections:
French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
Exports - $214 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports - commodities - sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster 3%, (1993)
Exports - partners - France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (1994)
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description - the flag of France is used
GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.4 billion (1998 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture:
NA%

industry:
NA%

services:
NA%
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $4,800 (1998 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 3.8% (1998 est.)
Geographic coordinates 90 00 N, 0 00 E 21 06 S, 55 36 E
Geography - note major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months -
Highways - total:
2,724 km

paved:
1,300 km (including 73 km of four-lane road)

unpaved:
1,424 km

note:
370 km of road are maintained by national authorities, 754 km by departmental authorities and 1600 km by local authorities (1994)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Imports - $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1997)
Imports - commodities - manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products
Imports - partners - France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (1994)
Independence - none (overseas department of France)
Industrial production growth rate - NA%
Industries - sugar, rum, cigarettes, handicraft items, flower oil extraction
Infant mortality rate - 8.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - NA%
International organization participation - FZ, InOC, WFTU
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land - 60 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch - Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel
Labor force - 261,000 (1995)
Labor force - by occupation - agriculture 8%, industry 19%, services 73% (1990)
Land boundaries - 0 km
Land use - arable land:
17%

permanent crops:
2%

permanent pastures:
5%

forests and woodland:
35%

other:
41% (1993 est.)
Languages - French (official), Creole widely used
Legal system - French law
Legislative branch - unicameral General Council (47 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections:
General Council - last held NA March 1994 (next to be held NA 2000); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 12, PS 12, UDF 11, RPR 5, others 7; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 7, UDF 8, PS 6, RPR 4, various right-wing candidates 15, various left-wing candidates 5

note:
Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate; elections last held 14 April 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 1, PCR 2; Reunion also elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May and 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 3, PS 1, and RPR-UDF 1
Life expectancy at birth - total population:
72.93 years

male:
69.53 years

female:
76.49 years (2001 est.)
Literacy - definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
79%

male:
76%

female:
80% (1982 est.)
Location body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar
Map references Arctic Region World
Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine - total:
1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 28,264 GRT/44,885 DWT

ships by type:
chemical tanker 1 (2000 est.)
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of France
Military branches - French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
190,846 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
97,497 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 18 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males:
6,243 (2001 est.)
National holiday - Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Nationality - noun:
Reunionese (singular and plural)

adjective:
Reunionese
Natural hazards ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano
Natural resources sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales) fish, arable land, hydropower
Net migration rate - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Political parties and leaders - Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert GERARD]
Political pressure groups and leaders - NA
Population - 732,570 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line - NA%
Population growth rate - 1.57% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors - Le Port, Pointe des Galets
Radio broadcast stations - AM 2, FM 55, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios - 173,000 (1997)
Railways - 0 km
Religions - Roman Catholic 86%, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist (1995)
Sex ratio - at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female

total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage - 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment:
adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis

domestic:
modern open wire and microwave radio relay network

international:
radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use - 236,500 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 85,000 (1999)
Television broadcast stations - 22 (plus 18 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Terrain central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that, on average, is about 3 meters thick, although pressure ridges may be three times that thickness; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge) mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
Total fertility rate - 2.58 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Transportation - note sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways -
Unemployment rate - 42.8% (1998)
Waterways - none
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